a thought-provoking examination of Spain’s cultural and historical landscape. The opening of "España invertebrada" establishes the groundwork for the discussion by emphasizing the importance of viewing contemporary political issues through a historical lens. Ortega y Gasset proposes that understanding Spain's current challenges—including regional separatism and fragmentation—requires an analysis of its historical processes of incorporation and disintegration. He critiques the popular misconception that the separatisms of regions like Catalonia and the Basque Country are new phenomena, arguing instead that they are manifestations of a longer historical trend of decline in national unity. Through this examination, he sets up a broader commentary on the need for a cohesive national identity rooted in shared aspirations and collaborative endeavors among Spain’s diverse peoples. (This is an automatically generated summary.)